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ASHRM CPHRM Exam Syllabus Topics:

TopicDetails
Topic 1
  • Risk Financing: This domain covers managing financial risks through insurance programs, claims coordination, loss analysis, and developing strategies to reduce financial exposure.
Topic 2
  • Clinical
  • Patient Safety: This domain focuses on improving patient safety by promoting a safety culture, managing incident reporting, educating staff and patients, addressing ethical concerns, and implementing corrective actions to reduce risks and prevent harm.
Topic 3
  • Claims and Litigation: This domain focuses on handling potential claims and legal cases, including claim reporting, litigation support, legal documentation management, and analyzing claims data to understand risk exposure.
Topic 4
  • Legal and Regulatory: This domain focuses on ensuring compliance with healthcare laws and regulations, protecting patient information, managing reporting requirements, and supporting accreditation and regulatory responses.
Topic 5
  • Healthcare Operations: This domain involves managing operational risk activities such as conducting risk assessments, developing policies, coordinating risk programs, supervising staff, and supporting patient safety initiatives.

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ASHRM Certified Professional in Health Care Risk Management (CPHRM) Sample Questions (Q82-Q87):

NEW QUESTION # 82
Which of the following factors should be considered when setting or adjusting indemnity reserves?
* incurred medical expenses
* emotional pain and suffering
* medical expert witness costs
* future cost of medical care

Answer: C

Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management principles established by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, indemnity reserves represent the estimated amount the organization expects to pay in settlement or judgment to a claimant. Indemnity refers specifically to damages paid to compensate the injured party, not defense or administrative expenses.
Incurred medical expenses are a core component of economic damages and must be included in indemnity reserve calculations. Emotional pain and suffering fall under non-economic damages and are also considered when estimating potential settlement or verdict value. Future cost of medical care is another essential factor, particularly in cases involving long-term injury or disability, as it represents projected economic damages that may substantially increase exposure.
Medical expert witness costs, however, are categorized as defense expenses and are typically included in allocated loss adjustment expenses rather than indemnity reserves. These costs relate to the defense of the claim rather than compensation to the plaintiff.
Risk management objectives emphasize accurate differentiation between indemnity and expense reserves to ensure proper financial reporting and regulatory compliance. Therefore, incurred medical expenses, pain and suffering, and future medical costs should be considered when setting indemnity reserves, while expert witness costs should not.


NEW QUESTION # 83
A risk manager is investigating a claim that has been submitted to the malpractice carrier. There is some question as to whether or not there is coverage under the current malpractice policy. What might the risk manager expect to receive from the malpractice carrier?

Answer: C

Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, when an insurer identifies potential issues regarding coverage under a liability policy, it commonly issues a reservation of rights letter. This letter informs the insured that the carrier will proceed with investigation or defense of the claim while reserving its right to later deny coverage if policy exclusions, conditions, or other limitations apply.
A reservation of rights protects the insurer from waiving its ability to contest coverage while fulfilling its duty to defend, depending on policy language. It also alerts the insured to potential conflicts of interest and may permit the insured to seek independent counsel in certain jurisdictions.
A contingent acknowledgment of coverage is not a standard legal instrument. A notice of right to deny coverage would typically follow a full coverage determination rather than precede it. A notice of right to rescind involves voiding a policy, usually due to material misrepresentation during underwriting, which is distinct from a routine coverage question.
Claims and litigation objectives emphasize careful review of policy terms and timely communication with insurers. Therefore, when coverage is uncertain, the risk manager should expect to receive a reservation of rights letter from the malpractice carrier.


NEW QUESTION # 84
A risk manager identifies a problem with the informed consent process in the organization. All of the following are appropriate interventions EXCEPT

Answer: D

Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards endorsed by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, system-level issues in the informed consent process should first be addressed through quality improvement and educational interventions rather than immediate punitive action.
Conducting a medical record audit is an appropriate first step to identify patterns of incomplete documentation and determine whether the problem is isolated or systemic. Reviewing and revising policies and procedures ensures alignment with current legal standards and clarifies responsibilities for obtaining and documenting consent. Providing targeted education to physicians, nurses, and office staff reinforces understanding of required elements, including discussion of risks, benefits, alternatives, and patient questions.
Reporting physicians with incomplete consent forms directly to peer review may be appropriate in cases of persistent noncompliance or willful disregard of standards. However, when a systemic process problem is identified, immediate referral to peer review is not the appropriate primary intervention and may undermine a just culture approach.
Clinical and patient safety objectives emphasize root cause identification, education, and process improvement before disciplinary escalation. Therefore, reporting physicians to peer review in this context represents the inappropriate intervention.


NEW QUESTION # 85
The Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 includes provisions to
* amend the Public Health Service Act to establish procedures for the voluntary confidential reporting of medical errors.
* enable the creation of patient safety organizations PSOs.
* require mandatory reporting to PSOs.
* classify patient safety work product reported to PSOs as privileged and confidential.

Answer: C

Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards established by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 amended the Public Health Service Act to promote voluntary reporting of patient safety events. The Act established a federal framework to encourage confidential reporting and analysis of medical errors in order to improve patient safety.
The law enabled the creation and certification of Patient Safety Organizations PSOs, which collect and analyze patient safety data submitted by healthcare providers. Importantly, the Act designates patient safety work product submitted to PSOs as privileged and confidential, providing federal legal protections against disclosure in most civil, criminal, or administrative proceedings. This privilege encourages candid reporting and system-wide learning.
However, reporting to PSOs is voluntary, not mandatory. The Act was specifically designed to foster participation by offering confidentiality protections rather than imposing compulsory reporting requirements.
Legal and regulatory objectives in healthcare risk management emphasize understanding the scope of federal protections and ensuring proper designation and handling of patient safety work product. Therefore, provisions 1, 2, and 4 are correct, while mandatory reporting to PSOs is not required under the Act.


NEW QUESTION # 86
The Joint Commission requires that after a healthcare organization becomes aware of a sentinel event, it must complete a root cause analysis and action plan within how many days?

Answer: D

Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, The Joint Commission's sentinel event policy requires organizations to complete a thorough root cause analysis and develop an action plan within 45 days of becoming aware of the sentinel event.
The root cause analysis must identify underlying system failures and contributing factors rather than focusing solely on individual performance. The resulting action plan must outline specific corrective measures, assign responsibility, establish implementation timelines, and include mechanisms to monitor effectiveness. The emphasis is on sustainable system improvement to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
Failure to complete the analysis and action plan within the required timeframe may result in additional review, accreditation consequences, or other follow-up actions by The Joint Commission. Timely completion demonstrates organizational accountability, leadership oversight, and commitment to patient safety.
Clinical and patient safety objectives emphasize structured investigation processes, documentation of corrective actions, and alignment with accreditation standards. Therefore, the required timeframe for completion of the root cause analysis and action plan following awareness of a sentinel event is 45 days.


NEW QUESTION # 87
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